(also known as "abduction" and "hypothetical inference")(n.) The third (and often ignored) form of logical inference, after deduction and Induction. Induction posits general RULES from specific CASES and their various RESULTS; Deduction infers RESULTS by applying general RULES to specific CASES. Retroduction hypothesizes CASES by comparing RESULTS with known RULES. So, INDUCTION = Case, Result, Rule; DEDUCTION = Rule, Case, Result; and RETRODUCTION = Result, Rule, Case. (Wow, this is hard to explain without all the jargon. Sorry. The concept is explained in depth in the Collected Works of Charles Sanders Peirce (Harvard Library), although many modern logicians prefer to group it with induction because retroduction has a probability level
Примеры использования:
DEDUCTION: (Rule) All the marbles in this bag are black; (Case) These marbles are from that bag; (Result) These marbles are black.
INDUCTION: (Case) These marbles are from that bag; (Result) These marbles are black; (repeat experiment many times and ...) (Rule) All the marbles in this bag are black.
RETRODUCTION: (Result) These marbles are black; (Rule) All the marbles in this bag are black; (Case) [perhaps] these marbles are from that Bag.
Bear in mind that the hypothesis you end up with (the Case) is a probability, not a certainty, hence the name "hypothetical inference." | Here's a real-life example: "Oh, look, a black limo with a police escort, surrounded by conservatively dressed men and women with sunglasses and earpieces. Hm. You know what? The President of the United States rides in black limos with police escorts, and is always surrounded by secret service agents in dark suits and sunglasses with earpieces in their ears. Maybe that's the President of the United States!" "No, that's Brian Cowen, the Prime Minister of Ireland." "Oh, well, 'visiting head of state' was my next guess."
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